Adaptive Radiation Example
B61 LEP: Increasing NATO Nuclear Capability and Precision Low-Yield Strikes
The US military is planning to replace the tail section of the B61 nuclear bomb with a new guided tail kit to increase the accuracy of the weapon. This will increase the targeting capability of the weapon and allow lower-yield strikes against targets that previously required higher-yield weapons. Image: FAS Illustration By Hans M. KristensenA modified U.S. nuclear bomb currently under design will have improved military capabilities compared with older weapons and increase the targeting capability of NATO’s nuclear arsenal.
The B61-12, the product of a planned 30-year life extension and consolidation of four existing versions of the B61 into one, will be equipped with a new guidance system to increase its accuracy.
As a result, if funded by Congress, the U.S. non-strategic nuclear bombs currently deployed in five European countries will return to Europe as a life-extended version in 2018 with a significantly enhanced capability to knock out military targets.
Add to that the stealthy capability of the new F-35 aircraft being built to deliver the new weapon, and NATO is up for a significant nuclear upgrade.
The upgrade would also improve the capability of U.S. strategic bombers to destroy targets with lower yield and less radioactive fallout, a scenario that resembles the controversial PLYWD precision low-yield nuclear weapon proposal from the 1990s.
Finally, the B61-12 will mark the end of designated non-strategic nuclear warheads in the U.S. nuclear stockpile, essentially making concern over “disparity” with Russian non-strategic weapons a non-issue.
The Obama administration and Congress should reject plans to increase the accuracy of nuclear weapons and instead focus on maintaining the reliability of existing weapons while reducing their role and numbers.
Increasing Military Capabilities
It is U.S. nuclear policy that nuclear weapons “Life Extension Programs…will not support new military missions or provide for new military capabilities.” According to this policy stated in the Obama administration’s Nuclear Posture Review (NPR), the B61-12 cannot have new or greater military capabilities compared with the weapons it replaces.
Yet a new report published by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) reveals that the new bomb will have new characteristics that will increase the targeting capability of the nuclear weapons deployed in Europe.
Adaptive Radiation Example - News
Today's strike planning does not require “standing” plans but relies on new adaptive planning capabilities that can turn out a strike plan within days or weeks. But the “no identified targets” claim raises an obvious question: If NATO and EUCOM have
Realistically, such research may also include creative and innovative trial designs; pragmatic clinical trials; adaptive trials; and observational studies, including registries.[13] As with new surgical therapies, randomized clinical trials are
For the first time, Japanese "attention to detail," often derided here as an obsessive-compulsive tick, suggested adaptive strength. For the first time, the Chinese looked across the East China Sea, saw qualities they lack and asked, "What if?
Some curricula promote the Galápagos finches as if they provide evidence for adaptive radiation, failing to mention that the finches are highly similar and can even interbreed. One curriculum even resuscitates long-debunked claims that the coccyx,
B cells are lymphocytes that have several important roles in the adaptive immune system. When activated by the presence of "foreign" molecules, they can synthesise antibodies; present peptides on their surface for
Evolution (with worksheets, videos, games & activities)
Evolution
A series of free High School Biology Video Lessons from Brightstorm .
Adaptive Radiation
Adaptive radiation is the relatively fast evolution of many species from a single common ancestor. Adaptive radiation generally occurs when an organism enters a new area and different traits affect its survival. An example of adaptive radiation is the development of mammals after the extinction of dinosaurs.
Genetic Drift
Genetic drift results from random changes the genes and allele frequency of a group of organisms. Genetic drift is usually found in small populations because smaller random events have a bigger effect. A specific example of genetic drift is the founder effect which occurs when some organisms migrate into a new area but randomly don't match the parental population's genetic make up.
Genetic Flow
Genetic flow, also called gene migration, is the transfer of genes between different populations through migration. Immigration is when new organisms join a population, changing allele frequencies. Emigration is when members of a population leave, taking with them their genes. These change the overall balance of the gene pool of the populations these species join or leave. Gene transfer is the flow of alleles from one species to another. Gene transfer is especially common in bacteria.
Reproductive Isolation - Prezygotic - Postzygotic
Reproductive isolation is a mechanism that keeps species from mating with others. Prezygotic isolation prevents the fertilization of eggs while postzygotic isolation prevents the formation of fertile offspring. Prezygotic mechanisms include habitat isolation, mating seasons, "mechanical" isolation, gamete isolation and behavioral isolation. Postzygotic mechanisms include hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility and hybrid "breakdown." Speciation Speciation is the formation of a new species. A species is defined as a group of organisms that can interbreed successfully with each other. In allopatric speciation, two populations can get physically separated and become two species. In sympatric speciation, on the other hand, a new species starts in the same location as the parental species due to polyploidy or hybridization.
Adaptive Radiation Example - Bookshelf
The ecology of adaptive radiation
another ('exaptations'; Gould and Vrba, 1982) still fall within the domain of adaptive radiation. For example, Colbourne et al. (1997) suggested that the ...Popular Science
For example, a local adaptive radiation observed in the horses is that the forest-living types are brachyodont, or possess short-crowned teeth, ...Adaptive Radiation Therapy
5.4 examples of Adaptive Radiation therapy Planning In this section, we describe the benefits of different ART strategies in the clinical implementations ...The Princeton guide to ecology
Conditions promoting adaptive radiation 2. Are certain taxa more likely to undergo adaptive radiation? 3. Examples of current adaptive radiations 4. ...Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation
Cyanea, one of the most striking examples of adaptive radiation in flowering plants, now has more species on the US lists of endangered and threatened taxa ...Helpful News Directory
Adaptive Radiation - Wikipedia
Hyperlinked article about adaptive radiation, the rapid speciation of a single or a few species to fill many ecological niches.
Adaptive radiation - Definition | WordIQ.com
Adaptive radiation often occurs when a species is introduced to a new ecosystem, or when ... An example of adaptive radiation as the result of an environmental ...
Evolution 101: The Big Issues
Triggering Adaptive Radiation. An adaptive radiation generally means an event in which a lineage rapidly ... For example, open niches vacated by dinosaur extinctions may have ...
Adaptive Radiation: Darwin's Finches
Uses Darwin's Finches to illustrate the process, whereby species evolve rapidly to exploit empty niches.
Under The Hawaiian Sky - Adaptive Radiation: Silversword Family
Under The Hawaiian Sky - Adaptive Radiation, Silversword ... For example, large trees, shrubs and vines occur in wet areas; small shrubs, mats and rosettes tend to occur ...