Normal Oxygen Saturation Range With Exertion
EU: Money Where It Matters – How The EU Budget Delivers Value To You
The European Union's budget provides important value added to the lives of its 500 million citizens.
It is small (around 1% of EU gross national income) but produces concrete results on many things where financing at EU level gives a better return on investment. This MEMO gives a series of examples that show how the current EU budget has made a difference.
Boosting growth and jobs
Have you ever wondered why your high-speed train suddenly has to slow down from 200 km/h to 90 km/h only because it just crossed a border in the European Union? Why certain gas flows cannot be reversed and citizens and companies are left in the cold during a gas crisis? Or why it is still not easy to study abroad or get your professional qualification recognised in another member state? The EU budget can help finding solutions and close these persisting gaps and bottlenecks. It can help to boost growth and jobs by connecting Europe, by investing in Europe's people and by investing in Europe's regions.
Connecting Europe: Energy
The development of the European Union's energy infrastructure is at the heart of the Europe 2020 strategy and the goal of a resource-efficient Europe. The completion of networks and the removal of gaps, bottlenecks and energy islands are essential for the development of the internal market for energy, for security of supply and for transporting renewable energy. Both citizens and companies need to be able to rely gas and power being available to them at all times and at a fair price. The share of EU funding is usually rather small, but it leverages other public and private investment. In the case of the European Economic Recovery Programme (EERP) of 2009, it was estimated that the leverage would be about ten-fold.
Doubling transmission capacities between France and Spain: The EU has paid one third of the total investment costs of € 700 Million for almost doubling the capacity of the existing power line up to 2800 MW. Spain and France had not been able to agree on making the investment alone. The project was considered simply too costly for the benefit it would bring to them. The EU stepped in because the benefit went well beyond these two countries. As it improves Spain's links to the rest of Europe, citizens and companies in Germany, Belgium, UK, Italy, will in the future be able to receive power produced from renewable energy (solar panels and wind power) in Spain. This means that more renewable energy will be used in Europe, which is good for the climate. It also means that consumers and companies will get renewable energy at a fair price, because solar energy can produced more cheaply in Spain than in Northern Europe, simply because there are more sunny days. And without this connection, Spain couldn't export all its solar and wind power.
Pulse Oximetry and Oxygen Saturation
The color of the blood varies depending on how saturated it is with oxygen due to the optical properties of the hemoglobin molecule.
When hemoglobin releases an oxygen molecule it loses its pink color, acquiring a bluish tone and therefore restricting the amount that is reflected under a red light.
Thus the pulse oximeter determines the oxygen saturation by measuring the "degree" of arterial blue blood and expresses this "blueness" in terms of saturation.
Since light absorption of the tissues and venous blood are constant, any change in the absorption of light within a given period of time should be exclusively due to the blood pressure.
Pulse oximeters measure the relationship in a time interval between the differences in absorption of red and infrared lights. This relationship is directly linked to the oxygen saturation.
A pulse oximetry is device with a clip-shaped sensor. In the clip is a light that is reflected onto the fingertip and a sensor that measures the amount of light absorbed by hemoglobin circulating in the patient.
As a first step massage the patient's fingertip, then put the clamp with the sensor and receive the information displayed on the screen of the device.
The information that is displayed is:
Oxygen saturation index Heart rate Pulse curve Changes in hemoglobin Dyes and pigments in the reading area (nail polish). External light sources. Peripheral hypo perfusion. Anemia. Increased venous pulse. It does not detect hypoxia. It does not detect hypo ventilation.In general they are useful for the care of patients where an alteration in oxygenation is foreseen:
Respiratory distress in asthma. Cyanosis. Assessment of exercise tolerance. Evaluation or control of oxygen therapy.You must first obtain information on the proper use of each model. Remove nail polish for finger pulse oximeters. Make the measurement far from a major light source, light bulbs, etc. In case of continuous measurements over a period of time change the place of measurement 8finger for example), at least every 8 hours to prevent skin lesions. Clip sensors should not apply excessive pressure, as it could alter the measurement.
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